过去1年多时间,非投资级别的垃圾债券市场一片兴旺,去年发行量高达1640亿美元,创纪录新高,今年的盛况较去年尤甚,至今不足9个月时间,垃圾债券发行量已多达1720亿美元,超越去年全年数字。投资者对垃圾债券趋之若鶩,把可能出现的风险抛诸脑后,追踪垃圾债券市场表现的美银美林指数(BOA Merrill Lynch Index)上周升越100,乃07年信贷危机以来首见,价格较危机水深火热时的低位更上升了接近1倍。
垃圾债大行其道,主要是回报吸引。虽然与国债的息差相对去年高峰期时约20厘大幅回落,但现时平均的6.25厘,仍较金融海啸前最低的2.5厘吸引,尤其是购买企债的风险正在下降,8月违约率仅5.1%,远低於去年同期的13.2%,穆迪更估计违约率於年底时有机会降至3%。垃圾债券受欢迎,亦由於美国经济下半年大幅放缓几可肯定,促使投资者弃股从债,而供求因素亦令债价被抢高。政府和私企过去两年狂发债,但现时市面流通的债券仍较09年首季高峰期少了约7000亿,令供求出现失衡现象。
由於所发行债券需求殷切,不愁销路,不少企业发行新债券时,暗地里删除了一些保障投资者的条款,例如强制把售產所得优先偿还债券投资者及防止把售產收入用来发薪的的「售產保障条例」(asset-sale covenant)、禁止派发股息的「限制偿付条例」(restricted payment covenant),以及承诺公司成功卖盘时会用溢价回购债券的「股权易手条例」(change-of-control covenant),均有可能遭省略。《华尔街日报》根据「条例检讨」所作的分析报告便显示,58家曾经发债的企业於再发新债时,有57%削减了对认购者的保障,41%维持原有条款,只有1家企业加强了投资者保障。
投资垃圾债券,若遇上公司倒闭,可能会一无所得,投资於国债相对稳健,但除非作好持有至到期日的打算,否则亦非全无风险。上月底市场忧虑美国出现双底衰退,资金涌往债市,十年和30年国债孳息曾跌至2.42%和3.46%的年半新低,但踏入9月后投资市场风向急转湾,孳息大幅回升,债市便明显跑输股市。截至上周五,道指9月升幅有5.6%,反而十年国债和30年国债跌幅分别為2.2%和6.9%。
过去债市亦出现过三次急跌。80年代初,伏尔克接掌联储局后狂加息遏通胀,美息於82年7月高见22.36%,十年孳息亦由8.8厘飆升至 15.84%,其间债市投资者帐面损失便高达10.8%;克林顿於92年上场后,带领美国经济欣欣向荣,十年孳息於93年10月开始,短短13个月狂抽 2.4百分点,其间债价累跌10.6%;到2003年格林斯潘大幅减息后,市场预期经济向好,通胀亦会重临,十年孳息於两个月内飆升1个百分点,亦令债价急挫8.2%。表面上,美债是稳健投资,但若市场担忧美国偿付能力,又或者环球经济复苏步伐理想,投资者风险胃纳增强,谁又能保证美债不会因孳息急升而出现第四次债灾?
Investing is an art and highly emotional and subjective.
When buying stocks, if your buying decisions are based on"insiders' information or rumours" and not sound analysis, then you are gambling. Many investors enter the market when stocks prices are high (lacking of confidence to enter beforehand when prices were low). Once the stocks market crash, they tend to sell out their shares out of fear and pessimism, swearing to "chop off their fingers" and never enter the stocks market again. If such situation happens, all their previous gains may be wiped out and suffered a loss.
Investing is an art and highly emotional and subjective. Subjectivity is largely controlled by our emotions. There are times when we are optimistic or pessimistic. If we are unable to control our emotional weakness, we are unlikely to become successful investors.
To be successful, you must first understand yourself, in particular your emotions and the degree of pressure you can tolerate.
The investors should also analyse the country's economic prospects together with the earnings outlook of the major listed companies.
It is imperative that you like Mathematics as the sound mathematical knowledge plays a key role in investment.
财富為了实现梦想;而非梦想拥有财富 .
美元对亚洲货币走势图
Investing is an art and highly emotional and subjective. Subjectivity is largely controlled by our emotions. There are times when we are optimistic or pessimistic. If we are unable to control our emotional weakness, we are unlikely to become successful investors.
To be successful, you must first understand yourself, in particular your emotions and the degree of pressure you can tolerate.
The investors should also analyse the country's economic prospects together with the earnings outlook of the major listed companies.
It is imperative that you like Mathematics as the sound mathematical knowledge plays a key role in investment.
财富為了实现梦想;而非梦想拥有财富 .
美元对亚洲货币走势图
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Tuesday, September 21, 2010
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